@article {864,
	title = {A Computer Vision System Based on Majority-Voting Ensemble Neural Network for the Automatic Classification of Three Chickpea Varieties},
	journal = {Foods},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {113},
	abstract = {Since different varieties of crops have specific applications, it is therefore important to properly identify each cultivar, in order to avoid fake varieties being sold as genuine, i.e., fraud. Despite that properly trained human experts might accurately identify and classify crop varieties, computer vision systems are needed since conditions such as fatigue, reproducibility, and so on, can influence the expert{\textquoteright}s judgment and assessment. Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is an important legume at the world-level and has several varieties. Three chickpea varieties with a rather similar visual appearance were studied here: Adel, Arman, and Azad chickpeas. The purpose of this paper is to present a computer vision system for the automatic classification of those chickpea varieties. First, segmentation was performed using an Hue Saturation Intensity (HSI) color space threshold. Next, color and textural (from the gray level co-occurrence matrix, GLCM) properties (features) were extracted from the chickpea sample images. Then, using the hybrid artificial neural network-cultural algorithm (ANN-CA), the sub-optimal combination of the five most effective properties (mean of the RGB color space components, mean of the HSI color space components, entropy of GLCM matrix at 90{\textdegree}, standard deviation of GLCM matrix at 0{\textdegree}, and mean third component in YCbCr color space) were selected as discriminant features. Finally, an ANN-PSO/ACO/HS majority voting (MV) ensemble methodology merging three different classifier outputs, namely the hybrid artificial neural network-particle swarm optimization (ANN-PSO), hybrid artificial neural network-ant colony optimization (ANN-ACO), and hybrid artificial neural network-harmonic search (ANN-HS), was used. Results showed that the ensemble ANN-PSO/ACO/HS-MV classifier approach reached an average classification accuracy of 99.10 {\textpm} 0.75\% over the test set, after averaging 1000 random iterations.},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9020113},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/9/2/113},
	author = {Pourdarbani, Razieh and Sabzi, Sajad and Kalantari, Davood and Hern{\'a}ndez-Hern{\'a}ndez, Jos{\'e} Luis and J I Arribas}
}
@article {865,
	title = {A Computer Vision System for the Automatic Classification of Five Varieties of Tree Leaf Images},
	journal = {Computers},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {6},
	abstract = {A computer vision system for automatic recognition and classification of five varieties of plant leaves under controlled laboratory imaging conditions, comprising: 1{\textendash}Cydonia oblonga (quince), 2{\textendash}Eucalyptus camaldulensis dehn (river red gum), 3{\textendash}Malus pumila (apple), 4{\textendash}Pistacia atlantica (mt. Atlas mastic tree) and 5{\textendash}Prunus armeniaca (apricot), is proposed. 516 tree leaves images were taken and 285 features computed from each object including shape features, color features, texture features based on the gray level co-occurrence matrix, texture descriptors based on histogram and moment invariants. Seven discriminant features were selected and input for classification purposes using three classifiers: hybrid artificial neural network{\textendash}ant bee colony (ANN{\textendash}ABC), hybrid artificial neural network{\textendash}biogeography based optimization (ANN{\textendash}BBO) and Fisher linear discriminant analysis (LDA). Mean correct classification rates (CCR), resulted in 94.04\%, 89.23\%, and 93.99\%, for hybrid ANN{\textendash}ABC; hybrid ANN{\textendash}BBO; and LDA classifiers, respectively. Best classifier mean area under curve (AUC), mean sensitivity, and mean specificity, were computed for the five tree varieties under study, resulting in: 1{\textendash}Cydonia oblonga (quince) 0.991 (ANN{\textendash}ABC), 95.89\% (ANN{\textendash}ABC), 95.91\% (ANN{\textendash}ABC); 2{\textendash}Eucalyptus camaldulensis dehn (river red gum) 1.00 (LDA), 100\% (LDA), 100\% (LDA); 3{\textendash}Malus pumila (apple) 0.996 (LDA), 96.63\% (LDA), 94.99\% (LDA); 4{\textendash}Pistacia atlantica (mt. Atlas mastic tree) 0.979 (LDA), 91.71\% (LDA), 82.57\% (LDA); and 5{\textendash}Prunus armeniaca (apricot) 0.994 (LDA), 88.67\% (LDA), 94.65\% (LDA), respectively.},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/computers9010006},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/9/1/6},
	author = {Sabzi, Sajad and Pourdarbani, Razieh and J I Arribas}
}
@article {7460246,
	title = {A computer-aided diagnosis system with EEG based on the P3b wave during an auditory odd-ball task in schizophrenia},
	journal = {IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering},
	volume = {PP},
	number = {99},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {1-1},
	abstract = {Objective: To design a Computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) system using an optimized methodology over the P3b wave in order to objectively and accurately discriminate between healthy controls (HC) and schizophrenic subjects (SZ). Methods: We train, test, analyze, and compare various machine learning classification approaches optimized in terms of the correct classification rate (CCR), the degenerated Youden{\textquoteright}s index (DYI) and the area under the receiver operating curve (AUC). CAD system comprises five stages: electroencephalography (EEG) preprocessing, feature extraction, seven electrode groupings, discriminant feature selection, and binary classification. Results: With two optimal combinations of electrode grouping, filtering, feature selection algorithm, and classification machine, we get either a mean CCR = 93.42\%, specificity = 0.9673, sensitivity = 0.8727, DYI = 0.9188, and AUC = 0.9567 (total-15 Hz-J5-MLP), or a mean CCR = 92.23\%, specificity = 0.9499, sensitivity = 0.8838, DYI = 0.9162, and AUC = 0.9807 (right hemisphere-35 Hz-J5-SVM), which to our knowledge are higher than those available to date. Conclusions: We have verified that a more restrictive low-pass filtering achieves higher CCR as compared to others at higher frequencies in the P3b wave. In addition, results validate previous hypothesis about the importance of the parietal-temporal region, associated with memory processing, allowing us to identify powerful {feature,electrode} pairs in the diagnosis of schizophrenia, achieving higher CCR and AUC in classification of both right and left Hemispheres, and parietal-temporal EEG signals, like, for instance, the {PSE, P4} pair (J5 and mutual information feature selection). Significance: Diagnosis of schizophrenia is made thoroughly by psychiatrists but as any human-based decision that has a subjective component. This CAD system provides the human expert with an objective complimentary measure to help him in diagnosing schizophrenia.},
	keywords = {Computer aided diagnosis, Design automation, Electrodes, Electroencephalography, Feature extraction, Indexes, Sensitivity},
	issn = {0018-9294},
	doi = {10.1109/TBME.2016.2558824},
	url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/7460246},
	author = {L. Santos-Mayo and Luis Miguel San-Jose-Revuelta and J I Arribas}
}
@proceedings {casaseca2006comparative,
	title = {A comparative study on microcalcification detection methods with posterior probability estimation based on Gaussian mixture models},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {49{\textendash}54},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	abstract = {Automatic detection of microcalcifications in mammograms constitutes a helpful tool in breast cancer diagnosis. Radiologist{\textquoteright}s confidence level on microcalcification detection would be improved if a probability estimate of its presence could be obtained from computer-aided diagnosis. In this paper we explore detection performance of a simple Bayesian classifier based on Gaussian mixture probability density functions (pdf). Posterior probability of microcalcification presence may be estimated from the probabilistic model. Two model selection algorithms have been tested, one based on the minimum message length criterion and the other on discriminative criteria obtained from the classifier performance. In addition, we propose a complementing model selection algorithm in order to improve the initial system performance obtained with these methods. Simulation results show that our model gets a good compromise between classification performance and probability estimation accuracy},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/IEMBS.2005.1616339},
	url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/1616339},
	author = {Pablo Casaseca-de-la-Higuera and J I Arribas and Emma Mu{\~n}oz-Moreno and Carlos Alberola L{\'o}pez}
}
@article {409,
	title = {Cost functions to estimate a posteriori probabilities in multiclass problems},
	journal = {IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks},
	volume = {10},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {645-656},
	abstract = {<p>The problem of designing cost functions to estimate a posteriori probabilities in multiclass problems is addressed in this paper. We establish necessary and sufficient conditions that these costs must satisfy in one-class one-output networks whose outputs are consistent with probability laws. We focus our attention on a particular subset of the corresponding cost functions; those which verify two usually interesting properties: symmetry and separability (well-known cost functions, such as the quadratic cost or the cross entropy are particular cases in this subset). Finally, we present a universal stochastic gradient learning rule for single-layer networks, in the sense of minimizing a general version of these cost functions for a wide family of nonlinear activation functions.</p>
},
	keywords = {Cost functions, Estimation, Functions, Learning algorithms, Multiclass problems, Neural networks, Pattern recognition, Probability, Problem solving, Random processes, Stochastic gradient learning rule},
	issn = {10459227},
	doi = {10.1109/72.761724},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0032643080\&partnerID=40\&md5=d528195bd6ec84531e59ddd2ececcd46},
	author = {Jes{\'u}s Cid-Sueiro and J I Arribas and S Urban-Munoz and A R Figueiras-Vidal}
}
